CALORIMETRY PART1 ICSE PHYSICS

 ICSE PHYSICS CALORIMETRY PART 1

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 Equilibrium of Body Class 10 Physics ICSE

Equilibrium of Bodies

When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest of linear motion or rotational motion, the body is said to be in a state of equilibrium.

1. Static equilibrium

A number of forces acting on a body and the body remains in the state of rest under the influence of those forces.

ex:1 when two equal and opposite forces act up on a body lying on a flat surface, the body remains at rest. Hence that body is in static equilibrium.

ex: 2 The beam balance with equal weights on both pans is in static equilibrium because the anticlockwise moment of force balances the clockwise moment of force.

2. Dynamic Equilibrium

If a body remains in the state of motion (translational or rotational) under the influence of several forces then that body is said to be dynamic equilibrium.

ex 1 : The weight of a falling rain drop balances the sum of the buoyant force and the force due to friction. Hence the falling rain drop  will be in dynamic equilibrium and falls down with a constant velocity.

ex 2 : When the weight of an aeroplane is balanced by the upward lift  the aeroplane moves at a constant height.

Conditions for equilibrium:

1. The resultant of all the forces acting the body should be zero.

2. The algebraic sum of moments of all the forces acting on the body about the point of rotation should be zero.

Couple and Moment of Couple and example

 ICSE PHYSICS Couple and Moment of Couple 

Couple

When a force is applied in a pivoted body it causes that body to rotate about the axis passing through the pivoted point.

Actually the rotation of the body is not only due to the force applied but also due to the equal and opposite force of reaction at the pivoted point. This pair of forces formed by the external force and the force of reaction is called couple.

When you open or shut a door by applying force at the handle an equal and opposite force of reaction is produced at the pivoted point.

If you need a large turning effect to turn an object pivoted at a point then you have to apply two forces of equal magnitude but opposite to each other which turns the body in the same direction.

To turn a water tap we have to apply two forces of equal magnitude but in opposite direction.

Other examples:

1. Tightening the cap of a bottle.

2. Turning a key in a lock.

3. Turning a steering wheel.

 

Moment of couple

 Let us take a bar of length 'd' and it is pivoted at a point ‘O’.

Two equal forces are applied at points A and B at the same time but in opposite direction and the bar turns in clockwise direction.

The moment of force at ‘O’ due the force applied at A = FxOA

The moment of force at ‘O’ due the force applied at B = FxOB

The total moment of both forces = FxOA + FxOB = Fx(OA + OB) = FxAB = Fxd

hence the moment of couple = F x d

Applications of Moment of Force

Common applications (examples) of moment of force - Physics Notes ICSE

1. To open or shut a door, a force is applied normal to the door at its handle which is provided at the maximum distance from the hinges.

2. To turn a steering wheel we apply a force tangentially on the rim of the wheel.

3. In a bicycle the toothed wheel of bigger size can be turned by applying a force on the foot pedal and this toothed wheel is joined to the rear wheel of smaller size by a chain passing over their teeth.

4. A spanner is provided with a long handle which is used to tighten or loosen a nut by applying a small force normally at the end of the handle.

5. A jack screw a long arm so that it can be rotated by applying a small force to raise or lower the load table.

Important: In all these cases larger the perpendicular distance less is the force needed to produce the same moment of force.

The moment of force not only depends on the magnitude of the Force but also on the perpendicular distance of the line of the applied action from the axis of rotation.

Clockwise and anticlockwise moments

Clockwise and anticlockwise moments of Force - Notes

Conventionally,

If the turning effect on the body turns it anticlockwise and the moment of force is called anticlockwise moment and taken positive. The direction of anticlockwise moment is along the axis of rotation outwards i.e moment of force is a vector quantity.

If the turning effect on the body turns it clockwise and the moment of force is called clockwise moment and taken negative. The direction of clockwise moment is along the axis of rotation inwards.

Light - Reflection and Refraction

Compare Reflection of light and Refraction of light